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The Kuril Islands dispute ((ロシア語:Спор о принадлежности Курильских островов) ''Spor o prinadlezhnosti Kuril'skikh ostrovov''), also known as the , is a dispute between Japan and Russia and also some individuals of the Ainu people over sovereignty of the South Kuril Islands. The disputed islands, which were annexed by Soviet forces during the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation after the end of World War II, are under the Russian administration as South Kuril District of the Sakhalin Oblast (Сахалинская область, ''Sakhalinskaya oblast''). They are claimed by Japan, which refers to them as the or , as being part of the Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō Prefecture. The San Francisco Peace Treaty〔Article 25 of The San Francisco Peace Treaty defines the Allied Forces as "the States at war with Japan, () provided that in each case the State concerned has signed and ratified the Treaty. () the present Treaty shall not confer any rights, titles or benefits on any State which is not an Allied Power as herein defined; nor shall any right, title or interest of Japan be deemed to be diminished or prejudiced by any provision of the Treaty in favor of a State which is not an Allied Power as so defined." The Allied powers were Australia, Canada, Ceylon, France, Indonesia, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Republic of the Philippines, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. The Soviet Union refused to sign the treaty.〕 with Japan from 1951 states that Japan must give up all claims to the Kuril Islands, but it also does not recognize the Soviet Union's sovereignty over the Kuril Islands.〔(Text of Gromyko's Statement on the Peace Treaty. )New York Times, page 26, September 9, 1951〕 Furthermore, Japan claims that at least some of the disputed islands are not a part of the Kuril Islands, and thus are not covered by the treaty.〔 Russia maintains that the Soviet Union's sovereignty over the islands was recognized following agreements at the end of the Second World War.〔 However, Japan has disputed this claim. The disputed islands are: * Iturup ((ロシア語:Итуруп)) / * Kunashir ((ロシア語:Кунашир)) / * Shikotan ((ロシア語:Шикотан)) / * Habomai rocks ((ロシア語:острова Хабомаи) ) / ==Background== The first Russo-Japanese agreement to deal with the status of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands was the 1855 Treaty of Shimoda which first established official relations between Russia and Japan. Article 2 of the Treaty of Shimoda, which provided for an agreement on borders, states "Henceforth the boundary between the two nations shall lie between the islands of Etorofu and Uruppu. The whole of Etorofu shall belong to Japan; and the Kuril Islands, lying to the north of and including Uruppu, shall belong to Russia." The islands of Kunashiri, Shikotan and the Habomai Islands, that all lie to the south of Etorofu, are not explicitly mentioned in the treaty and were understood at the time to be a non-disputed part of Japan. The treaty also specified that the island of Sakhalin/Karafuto was not to be partitioned but was to remain under a joint Russo-Japanese condominium.〔Ito, Masami, "(Russian-held isles: So near, so far )", ''Japan Times'', 18 January 2011, p. 3.〕 In the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg Russia and Japan agreed that Japan would give up all rights to Sakhalin in exchange for Russia giving up all rights to the Kuril Islands in favor of Japan. The Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905 was a military disaster for Russia. The 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth, concluded at the end of this war, gave the southern half of Sakhalin Island to Japan. Although Japan occupied parts of Russia's Far East during the Russian Civil War following the October Revolution, Japan did not formally annex any of these territories and they were vacated by Japan by the mid-1920s. There was practically no hostile activity between the USSR and the Empire of Japan after the Battle of Khalkin Gol ended the Japanese-Soviet Border Wars in 1939 and before the USSR declared war on Japan (Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation) on August 8, 1945. The Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact was signed in Moscow on April 13, 1941 but was unilaterally renounced by the Soviet Union in 1945. On August 14, 1945 Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration and on the following day announced unconditional capitulation. The Soviet operation to occupy the Kuril Islands took place between August 18 and September 3. Japanese inhabitants were repatriated two years later.〔K. Takahara, (Nemuro raid survivor longs for homeland. ) Japan Times, September 22, 2007. Accessed August 3, 2008〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kuril Islands dispute」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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